The Power of Sound: A Therapy Worth Listening To?

 Auditory and language processing deficits can be multi-faceted and complex, and knowing where to turn to help a child with these challenges can be overwhelming for parents. Sound or listening therapies might be helpful for some children, and in fact, anecdotal evidence abounds of children making significant language processing gains after undergoing such programs. Some forms of sound therapy cite clinical research studies touting average developmental gains for its participants of one to three years.

Sound therapies, however, are not without controversy. Some professional organizations have studied the available literature on Auditory Integration Training (AIT), one of the most widely used forms, and have recommended that it be considered “experimental treatment.” But anecdotal reports of the therapies’ benefits have prompted many of these same organizations to revisit the subject and even form special task forces to look more deeply at these interventions.

Adding to the controversy is that many therapists aren’t knowledgeable about the various forms of listening therapy or cite a lack of peer-reviewed research as a reason for parents to avoid some of them. In addition, some providers of these therapies have a biased point of view, making it difficult for parents to get an objective opinion of whether these interventions are appropriate for their children. And, these therapies, which insurance policies often do not cover, can come with a hefty price tag with some costing upwards of $6,000. With such conflicting information, it behooves parents to be informed consumers by doing their homework about why such programs might be effective, analyzing the research that has been done and contacting providers experienced with these therapies.

Attacking the Underlying Problem

These therapies are known by many names, including Fast ForWord, The Listening Program, Tomatis, AIT, SAMONAS, Earobics and Interactive Metronome. Each program has its unique parameters. For example, some programs involve more “passive” listening while others require some form of interaction or response. Some programs are clinic-based while others are carried out at home or in school settings. With few exceptions, these programs require certification or training for the practioner beyond their professional background.

At the core of all of these programs is a claim that they work to strengthen the “foundational” aspects of a child’s neurological functioning, including auditory processing and attention, says Kellie Hetzel, a speech therapist with Aurora Strategies.

Hetzel, who is trained in and administers Fast ForWord, Interactive Metronome, Earobics and The Listening Program, describes an analogy between a house with a crack in its foundation and the neurological processes that various listening programs address.

“If auditory processing and attention, along with the other sensory areas involving movement, touch and vision are located in the foundation of the house or the brain, and if there is a weakness in that area, then it’s difficult to support the various floors of the house, which are the acquisition of math, reading, science and other subjects,” Hetzel says.

Because the programs are stimulating neurological processes in a foundational way, Hetzel says, children often will see side benefits of an increase of social skills, coordination, fine and gross motor activities and executive functioning.

Finding a Provider and the Right Program

If, after doing some due diligence on sound therapy, a parent decides such an intervention could benefit his child, the next step is selecting an experienced, credible provider.

Hetzel says parents should approach this process just as if they were hiring a contractor to come into their house. Parents should go to provider Web sites and provider directories and call at least three of them, Hetzel says. Parents should ask providers how many children they have taken through the program, what their success has been, how many children they have worked with in the past six months to a year and how they implement the program, Hetzel says. In addition, parents need to be sure they select someone whom they respect and with whom they feel comfortable working.

Parents should also select a provider who has an appreciation of the family schedule and budget. “[Providers] need to understand that even if a program may be appropriate for your child, it realistically may not be the best fit because of price or geography,” Hetzel says. “Parents want a solution, but if you give them a solution that is out of their price range, then that’s no solution at all.”

Gail Whitelaw, president of the American Academy of Audiology, advises parents to be sure that the provider is sensitive to the programs that might not be age-appropriate for the child. “We have parents of 3- and 4-year-olds who come to us begging for Earobics and Fast ForWord. When you are talking about weeks and weeks of a training program, you have to be sure a child is ready to handle that.”

Another important issue, Whitelaw warns, is to rule out any hearing issues by consulting first with an audiologist.

Mili Cordero, an occupational therapist who offers SAMONAS, Tomatis and Therapeutic Listening, makes sure that parents are part of the intervention process. For the home-based Therapeutic Listening and SAMONAS programs, Cordero requests parents attend a training session.

“The intent of this training is to have the parents assist the therapist in determining the effectiveness of the intervention, given that they will be the ones using it with their children on a daily basis,” Cordero says. “Because of our commitment to empower parents, the decision of which method will be followed will be arrived at after discussing this with them.”

No Two Programs Are Exactly the Same

The various sound intervention programs have vast differences in the theory behind them and in how they are implemented, but many have similar goals for their end result. Some children and adults who have been helped by these various forms of therapy include those who have been diagnosed with learning disabilities, sensory integration disorders, executive functioning disorders, auditory processing disorders, pervasive developmental disorder, autism, Asperger’s Syndrome, attention deficit disorders and social skills difficulties.

Though several listening or sound therapy programs are available through trained providers or on the internet, described below are only seven of the most widely used interventions. For further information on these and other sound-based programs, see the sidebar. (See page 17.)

Fast ForWord

Developed and marketed by Scientific Learning Corporation, the Fast ForWord programs consist of nine language and reading programs. Fast ForWord Language, the company’s first and most widely known program, aims to improve a child’s auditory processing skills through a series of seven exercises. The interactive games aim to strengthen a child’s cognitive skills, which the company refers to as “learning MAPS”: memory, attention, processing and sequencing. By developing these cognitive areas, company literature states, struggling readers form a solid foundation by sharpening listening accuracy, phonological awareness and language structures.

The program, which requires high-quality headphones and a computer, is most appropriate for children ages 4 to 14 though it can be used with significantly older children who need a stronger auditory processing foundation, Hetzel says. The program can be administered at home, at school or in a clinic setting. Children spend between 50 and 100 minutes five days per week on the program for a period of four to 12 weeks, according to Scientific Learning. The intensity of the protocol, according to Scientific Learning, is the key to positive and long-lasting effects on brain development.

Though intense, Fast ForWord practitioners point to the flexibility and ease of use as some of the program’s best features. The program alerts administrators if a child is having trouble with any area. The software then will give the provider a list of several different activities to implement to help move a child forward, Hetzel says.

Other professionals say that they have a comfort level with the program because it has substantial research backing up its efficacy. Fees for the program range between $1,500 to $4,000, depending on whether the program is administered at home or in a clinic. In some cases, Fast ForWord is offered by the school district at no direct cost to the family.

Dr. Paula Tallal co creator of Fast ForWord is an adviser to the Cherab Foundation 

 Developed and marketed by Scientific Learning Corporation, the Fast ForWord programs consist of nine language and reading programs. Fast ForWord Language, the company’s first and most widely known program, aims to improve a child’s auditory processing skills through a series of seven exercises. The interactive games aim to strengthen a child’s cognitive skills, which the company refers to as “learning MAPS”: memory, attention, processing and sequencing. By developing these cognitive areas, company literature states, struggling readers form a solid foundation by sharpening listening accuracy, phonological awareness and language structures.

The program, which requires high-quality headphones and a computer, is most appropriate for children ages 4 to 14 though it can be used with significantly older children who need a stronger auditory processing foundation, Hetzel says. The program can be administered at home, at school or in a clinic setting. Children spend between 50 and 100 minutes five days per week on the program for a period of four to 12 weeks, according to Scientific Learning. The intensity of the protocol, according to Scientific Learning, is the key to positive and long-lasting effects on brain development.

Though intense, Fast ForWord practitioners point to the flexibility and ease of use as some of the program’s best features. The program alerts administrators if a child is having trouble with any area. The software then will give the provider a list of several different activities to implement to help move a child forward, Hetzel says.

Other professionals say that they have a comfort level with the program because it has substantial research backing up its efficacy. Fees for the program range between $1,500 to $4,000, depending on whether the program is administered at home or in a clinic. In some cases, Fast ForWord is offered by the school district at no direct cost to the family.

Tomatis

French ear, nose and throat specialist Dr. Alfred Tomatis connected listening to the development of receptive and expressive language, motor control, learning and motivation. Tomatis, through his work with opera singers and factory workers, recognized that the voice could only produce what the ear can hear, a principle known as “the Tomatis effect.”

Building on this principle, Tomatis said that this improper functioning of the ear is the underlying reason for difficulty with learning, auditory processing, sensory integration, language comprehension or production and other related areas. In an effort to “reprogram” the ear, Tomatis developed an Electronic Ear which has several specific functions, including exercising and strengthening the muscles of the middle ear so it can filter out sounds and lower frequencies so that only the higher more stimulating frequencies are heard.

Cordero of ITT’s For Children requires an occupational therapy and an audiological evaluation before enrolling a child in Tomatis. Once enrolled, the in-clinic program is carried out in a series of three “loops”. The first loop is two hours of listening per day for 15 consecutive days followed by a four- to six-week break. The second and third loops consist of eight consecutive days of listening for two hours per day with a break of four to six weeks between the two loops. The total cost for the program, according to Cordero, is $6,200 or $100 per hour of listening time.

AIT

Dr. Guy Berard, a French physician who had studied and worked with Tomatis, believed that hypersensitive hearing causes auditory processing problems. Berard developed AIT, which works on retraining the acoustic reflex muscle in the middle ear allowing sound to be processed more efficiently, according to K & L Solutions, a College Park-based company that provides the therapy.

As with Tomatis, AIT also uses an electronic filtering device called an “Earducator.” The Earducator “randomizes and filters the frequencies from the music source and sends these modified sounds into the client’s ears through a set of specialized headphones,” according to K & L Solutions. “The randomized frequencies mobilize and exercise the inner ear and the brain.”

AIT: Auditory Integration Training (AIT) is a form of sensory integration therapy. Sensory integration is the ability totake in, sort out and connect information fromt he world around us.Problems with sensory integration may include over sensitivity or lack of response to one or more types of sensory experience. Sensory integration dysfunction can result in difficulties with attention, speech and language,academic achievement or behavior.  The most notable story of AIT success is chronicled in “Sound of a Miracle,” a book written by Anabel Stehli about her 12-year-old daughter’s experience with the therapy. Stehli’s daughter, Georgiana was diagnosed with autism but lost her autistic systems, most notably her sound sensitivity, after undergoing the 10-day AIT program in Europe. Now 40, Georgiana travels across the world speaking about her experience. She is president of the Georgiana Institute, an organization which promotes AIT (www.georgianainstitute.org).

AIT is administered in 20 sessions of 30 minutes each. AIT participants listen twice per day with a break of at least three hours between sessions. K & L Solutions assesses each participant after 10 sessions, and if warranted, the company makes changes to the program at that point. At the conclusion of the program, K & L Solutions administers a final assessment. The cost for the therapy, according to K & L Solutions, is $650 for the basic listening session.

SAMONAS

SAMONAS is a CD-based program developed by Ingo Steinbach, a German sound engineer. The program, which can be self-guided or administered by a professional with SAMONAS training, consists of more than 40 specialized recordings. Most of the selections are classical music and some include nature sounds. The SAMONAS program offers CDs that vary in intensity.

An envelope-shaped modulator, a special device which Steinbach developed, enhances the upper frequency range of the music. The CDs have brief passages of intense filtering during which the listener almost exclusively hears these upper frequency sounds. “Listening to these ‘high extension’ passages trains the ear to pay attention to the upper ranges in the sound spectrum,” writes Sheila Frick, an occupational therapist who worked with Steinbach as a SAMONAS trainer, on the NeuroTherapeutics Web site (www.music.nt4kids.com). “Again, the higher tones are the parts of the sound spectrum that captivate attention and hold interest.”

Cordero administers SAMONAS in her practice. Her protocol requires an occupational therapy evaluation and a parent training session before the program begins. Cordero requires the first day of listening to be completed under the occupational therapist’s supervision. Following the first session, participants will listen at home while staying in close contact with the prescribing therapist so that adjustments can be made to the program if necessary. The SAMONAS participant listens twice a day, every day for as long as the program is needed, Cordero says. The music being used in each program will be re-evaluated after three months and then again after six months of listening. Cordero charges $120 for the parent training, and necessary equipment costs the parent $300 to $500, Cordero says.

Vital Links

Developed by Vital Links, Therapeutic Listening is research based tool for treating people of all ages who have difficulty with processing sensory information, listening, attention, and communication.

Therapeutic Listening uses sound stimulation in combination with sensory integrative techniques. Strategies that are emphasized include vestibular, postural and movement strategies. This treatment technique involves listening to specifically modulated and filtered music on compact discs through headphone.

Therapeutic Listening integrates a number of electronically altered compact disc, based on the ideas and technology created by Alfred Tomatis, Guy Berard and Ingo Steinback, within a sensory integrative frame of reference. Tomatis developed his theory in regard to the development of hearing in utero and the impact of an auditory stimulus on all aspects of development including movement processing. He recognized the sensory integrative value of an auditory stimulus. Dr. Guy Berard trained and worked with Dr. Tomatis. Berard developed his own device and protocol to reduce the time required to produce results. He emphasized the auditory stimulus impact on behavior and language. Ingo Steinback was influenced by Dr. Tomatis. He developed Samonas sound therapy which is based on the principles of music therapy in accordance with development aspects and natural laws of physics related to sound. He emphasizes the global impact of specific auditory stimulus on physical, emotional, and energetic development.

How Therapeutic Listening Works

The sound stimulation used in Therapeutic Listening appears to set up the nervous system, preparing ground for emergent skills. The music causes the muscles in the middle ear to contract, helping to discriminate and modulate sound input. In addition, there are tiny bones in the middle ear that vibrate when sound is provided, stimulating the movement (vestibular) and hearing (auditory) sensory receptors in the inner ear. This sensory information is sent throughout the central nervous system causing a multitude of reactions. There are four nerves, which are impacted by sound therapy and travel from the inner ear to the brain and back to other parts of our body. For example, when providing sound therapy you may stimulate the facial nerve. The facial nerve innervates the muscle in the middle ear as well as the muscle of facial expression. Along with this nerve also travels the glossopharyngeal nerve, which controls the motor components of one’s voice. Therefore, the muscles of the ear, which are designed to extract the human voice from a noisy background (listening) are linked with the muscles of facial expression and voice production. When you are talking with someone you rely on the non-verbal facial expressions of the person who is listening to you. So, again these same muscles are necessary for producing clear articulation and for hearing accurately and efficiently. So, through the use of sound therapy, such as Therapeutic Listening, you are stimulating the muscles of the ear as well as the muscles of the mouth, because the nerves that innervate these muscles are the same nerves. Read more

Use of therapeutic listening for the stuttering phase of apraxia written by Lisa Geng in 2003

“My experience makes me recommend auditory therapies as part of the treatment for our children with multisensory communication impairments. I believe a multisensory approach will be proven to be most effective for our children down the road -I just don’t believe in waiting, and was thrilled to have an open minded SLP like Michelle working with Tanner.

Tanner would have trouble speaking clear and getting his words out -and then within a minute of putting the headphones on his words would come clear and smooth -not sure why but since it appeared to help we used it. He had a waist band to wear so he could wear his CD player around when playing, during therapy -etc. The only activities we were told not to let him do while wearing the headphones were watching TV or playing on the computer. Tanner doesn’t use the therapeutic listening program much anymore, however his speech is also improved, and he’s older and is more aware of “what’s cool” (at 6 and a half can you believe it?!!)

I just want all of you to know you will probably not read the above anywhere else since this is not what the program is intended for. It was just a theory of Michelle’s based on the right and left brain -but it worked amazingly well for Tanner! Michelle was trained by Vital Links so I was able to order the special headphones which had the “right” and “left” ear marked -and the “correct” CDs for Tanner from Vital Links.   You cannot order from this company without the training code of the professional that took the course. Supposedly using the wrong CDs can be harmful somehow.”

PS- here is info on the headphones you can purchase

More about Vital Links from Wyatt’s mom Katie from her journey ‘Hope In Apraxia

The Listening Program

Developed by Advanced Brain Technologies, The Listening Program is a music-based auditory stimulation method that “trains the brain” to help improve the auditory skills needed to effectively listen, learn and communicate, according to company information.

CDs include classical music by Bach, Vivaldi, Mozart, Corelli and others mixed with nature sounds intended to aid in spatial awareness and listening training. Advanced Brain Technologies says the program is particularly effective for improving auditory processing problems including short-term auditory memory and effective listening with background noise. The program is primarily for home use and for implementation in facilities such as schools and healthcare centers.

The Listening Program’s core program is typically administered five days per week for 15 to 30 minutes each day. The protocol lasts between eight to 16 weeks. Listeners might go through a second cycle to ensure they maintain their results, the company says, and some participants might even repeat the program a third time.

Aurora Strategies charges $575 for The Listening Program, which includes pre- and post-testing, program CDs and materials, a consultation with a certified provider, monitoring and a follow-up report with recommendations.

The Listening Program is comprised of psychoacoustically refined soundtracks. Specially selected, re-arranged, re-recorded classical music (featuring Mozart) and nature sounds have been processed in post-production with sophisticated sonic technologies. The Listening Program respectfully builds on the theories and clinical research of Dr. Alfred Tomatis, and other sound pioneers. Developed by an interdisciplinary team of educational, therapeutic, medical, music and sound professionals, The Listening Program helps to train the ear and brain to perceive a full spectrum of sound without distortion.

Earobics

Earobics is a computer software tutorial program designed to teach phonological awareness, listening and introductory phonics skills required for learning to read and spell. Cognitive Concepts, the company that developed and markets Earobics, offers three levels of the program for home use. In addition to phonological awareness, these software programs include skill development in auditory attention, auditory discrimination, auditory memory, rhyming, sound segmentation and phonemic synthesis.

The home-based programs are available for $59. Some local school districts also offer Earobics to their students at no direct cost. Earobics Step 1 is for children in pre-k through kindergarten, Step 2 is marketed for first and second graders and Earobics 1 for Adolescents and Adults is for children age 10 and older who are struggling to read, spell and improve comprehension. Company literature says most program users show significant skill improvement from using Earobics only 15 to 20 minutes per day, three times a week.

Interactive Metronome

Interactive Metronome is a computer-based program participants can do at home or in a clinic or school setting. The program, which filters computer-generated beats through headphones, challenges users to synchronize repetitive hand and foot exercises that are measured through hand and foot sensors. The sensors record, in milliseconds, the difference between the metronome beat and participant’s response. The goal is for the participant to match the rhythmic beat or to lower the amount of time between the beat and the response.

Stanley Greenspan, chairman of the Interactive Metronome, Inc. Scientific Advisory Committee and a nationally prominent child psychiatrist, says the therapy “improves motor planning and sequencing so that children can carry out a multi-step process. As timing improves, sequencing improves.”

Greenspan says that Interactive Metronome has been shown to improve motor skills and attention span as well as increase coordination. The therapy teaches participants to focus and attend for longer periods of time, increase physical endurance and stamina, filter out internal and external distractions and improve ability to monitor mental and physical actions as they are occurring, according to the Interactive Metronome Web site.

Costs for Interactive Metronome therapy varies widely depending on provider fees and the setting in which the therapy sessions take place. Hetzel of Aurora Strategies says prices range from $35 to $120 per hour, and some providers will package the therapy for the entire length of the session. The therapy typically consists of 15 one-hour sessions and spans a three- to five-week period. Throughout the therapy, the program progressively challenges individuals to improve their response time and accuracy.

Study: What Makes The Brain Tick, Tick, Tick: Researchers Gaining New Insights Into Brain’s Internal Clock

“In a review article in the October 2005 Nature Reviews Neuroscience, Buhusi and Meck discuss the current state of understanding of one of the brain’s most important, and mysterious, clocks — the one governing timing intervals in the seconds to minutes range. Such interval timing occupies the middle neurological ground between two other clocks — the circadian clock that operates over the 24-hour light-dark cycle, and the millisecond clock that is crucial for such functions as motor control and speech generation and recognition. Meck is a professor and Buhusi is an assistant research professor in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences.

Interval timing is central to broader coordination of tasks such as walking, manipulating objects, carrying on a conversation and tracking objects in the environment, they said.”

And they all went to heaven in a little row boat

* Interactive Metronome Research

http://www.interactivemetronome.com/index.php/science/im-supporting-research.htm

l* Interactive Metronome

http://www.interactivemetronome.com/

* Improved Perception Equals Improved Motor Skills

http://www.wasdellcentre.org/smart/interactivemetronome.htm

* Rhythm and Dyslexia

http://www.interactivemetronome.com/IMW/IMPublic/CaseStudies/Dyslexia.pdf

Realistic Expectations

Although there are many anecdotal stories regarding gains made with various sound therapies, Whitelaw warns parents to be realistic about their expectations.

“None of these programs are cures, but if selected appropriately, they can help build underlying deficits for children,” Whitelaw says. “The best results come and are maintained when there is ongoing support for these children in their school environment.”

Whitelaw says she is confident that there is no inherent danger in these programs, but a family’s time, financial and psychological investment needs to be weighed carefully.

“With appropriate intervention [auditory processing deficits] can get better and are manageable. We don’t do parents a service when we lead them to believe there is a quick fix,” Whitelaw says. “This is a job for a lifetime, or at least 18 years for parents.”

Sound Therapies Help Child Find Success

Like many parents, Meg Stasinos was desperate to find help for her daughter, Sydney. When Sydney was about 3 years old, Stasinos began interventions for her child who had language processing, social and motor skills deficits. But, despite trying special diets, speech and language as well as other intensive therapies, nothing seemed to help Sydney make significant progress.

All that began to change when Atlanta neuropsychologist David Cantor referred Sydney to Aurora Strategies as a potential candidate for sound therapy. Aurora Strategies speech and language pathologist Kellie Hetzel prescribed The Listening Program last fall for then 5-year-old Sydney.

“Within a couple of weeks of starting the program, we noticed a change in Sydney. She was talking more and her sentences were more structured,” Stasinos says. “The teachers were writing saying they saw amazing changes in her.”

Sydney’s protocol while on The Listening Program consisted of her listening to the CDs two times per day for 15 minutes each session. The program for Sydney lasted eight weeks, and according to Stasinos, she enjoyed her listening sessions. Although Stasinos informed Sydney’s teachers of the therapy, other people the 5-year-old saw every day noticed changes although they knew nothing about the intervention.

“About half way into the program, her bus driver mentioned to me that she didn’t even know that Sydney could talk,” Stasinos says. “[The bus driver] said that Sydney was now having conversations with her and even laughing and telling her jokes.”

After completing The Listening Program, Hetzel prescribed Fast ForWord for Sydney. She went through the program on her home computer five days per week for one hour and 40 minute sessions. Despite Sydney’s young age and attention issues, she persevered through the program because the games were fun and she received positive feedback as she progressed. Sydney emerged with significant improvement at the end, Stasinos says. Pre-and post-testing showed gains in several areas including language discrimination and phonics, but for Stasinos, the “day-to-day” observational improvements were even more important.

“After Fast ForWord, Sydney seemed to have a better understanding of other children’s language. She started interacting more with kids her own age as she began to understand their conversations better,” Stasinos says. “As a parent, I am concerned about her academics but I am more excited when I see growth in her social interactions.”  Kristi Lockwood co-editor of Kids Enabled

Sound Therapy Sources on the Web

The following Web sites provide a starting place for parents considering various forms of listening or sound therapy:

• Fast ForWord
  Scientific Learning Corporation, www.scilearn.com
• Vital Links
  Therapeutic Listening, www.vitallinks.net
• AIT
  The Georgiana Institute, www.georgianainstitute.org
  Dr. Guy Berard, www.berardaitwebsite.com
• The Society for Auditory Intervention Techniques, www.sait.org
  K&L Solutions, www.klsolutions.org
• Tomatis
  The Spectrum Center, www.spectrumcenter.com or www.tomatis.net
  ITT’s For Children, www.ittsforchildren.com
• Samonas
  Samonas International, www.samonas.com
  List of Vital Links providers, vitallinks.net/providerDirectory
  Davis Centers, Inc., www.thedaviscenter.com
• Earobics
  Cognitive Concepts, www.earobics.com
• The Listening Program
  Advanced Brain Technologies, www.advancedbrain.com
• Interactive Metronome
  Interactive Metronome, Inc., www.interactivemetronome.com
• Various Other Sound Therapy Websites
  SAIT: The Society for Auditory Intervention Techniques (SAIT) , www.berardaitwebsite.com
  SPS, Inc., www.sps-atlanta.com
  Children’s Therapy Works, www.childrenstherapyworks.com

February 19, 2015 by Lisa Geng